TUGAS 3 : Connector

 Connectors - also called conjunctive words - are words that link two similar elements in a sentence.

·         The four categories of connector are 

o   coordinating conjunctions, such as and or or,

o   subordinating conjunctions such as if, so that, because or while. and 

o   correlating conjunctions such as neither... nor   

o   The fourth group of connectors consists of conjunctive adverbs such as therefore or however

·         A small number of conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs can link individual words or phrases; but the majority can only link two clauses.

·         A coordinated clause or phrase must follow the clause or phrase to which it is connected.

·         A subordinate clause normally follows the main clause, but in some cases may preceed it. See below.

The problem with conjunctions : where linguists disagree

Most traditional grammars just repeat the established classification of conjunctions as being either coordinating conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions. This neat classification works in most cases, but for some words it does not. But and though can often be used as synonyms; yet but is listed as a coordinator, and though as a subordinator.
   Compare: He took part in the competition, but he did not win.
   and : He took part in the competition, though he did not win.
Similarly, the old-fashioned "coordinator" for, has generally been replaced in modern English by as or by because, which are classed as subordinators.
Yet there is a real difference between but and though, and that is the way in which they are used. The clause starting with though in the examples above could possibly come before He took part in the competition, but the clause starting with but cannot do so.

OK Though he did not win, he took part in the competition.
Not OK But he did not win, he took part in the competition.
This suggests that the pertinent distinction between different types of conjunction is not actually one of function, but one of usage.
   As for so, implying consequence, both David Crystal and Quirk, Greenbaum et.al. consider it as a subordinator; but many dictionaries and most Internet grammar sites, including Wikipedia, call it a coordinator. Coe, in the classic Learner's Grammar of English, carefully avoids calling it anything more than a conjunction.

1. Coordinating conjunctions :

Coordinating conjunctions are used to link two clauses or phrases of equal value or equal status.
There are only a small number of coordinating conjunctions in English: most sources repeat what others say, and list the following seven, using the convenient acronym FANBOYS. 

·         for, and, nor, but,or, yet and so.  

It is perhaps preferable to exclude for and so, and prefer the acronym BANYO.

·         For can be forgotten, as it is hardly ever used as a coordinating conjunction in modern English. It has been replaced by because or as.... which are clearly subordinators.  

·         As for So, grammar books and websites provide contradictory and often ambiguous information. So let's clarify the situation.

When so implies purpose it is clearly a subordinating conjunction. The subordinate clause can come before or after the main clause.

OK  I bought a new camera so I could take better pictures.
OK  So I could take better pictures, I bought a new camera. 

When so implies consequence linguists disagree as to whether it is a coordinatora subordinator . But either way, the so clause must follow the main clause. Probably the best way to define so implying consequence is as a conjunctive adverb.  For clarification see English grammar - so

OK  I bought a new camera so I took better pictures.
NOT OK  So I took better pictures, I bought a new camera. 

·         Many online dictionaries and printed grammar books do not distinguish coherently between the usage of so for purpose and so for consequence, or are very ambiguous on this point. 

·         And and or can link individual words or clauses; yet, and but normally only link clauses, but sometimes link two words. Nor cannot link words when it is a coordinating conjunction it can only do so in partnership with neither, as a correlative conjunction.

USAGE: Coordinating connectors give equal value to the two elements that they coordinate.
They must be placed between the two elements that they coordinate.

 Examples:

I want three beers and a glass of lemonade
He went to bed and went to sleep.
You can have the chocolate mousse or the lemon tart
They'll win, or they'll lose.
This present is not for Peter, but Paul
I bought a new dress that was not red but pink.
We're going to Paris, but not to Rome.
We're going to Paris, but we're also going to Rome.
He was very tired yet very happy.
The director was rather young, yet the company was successful.

Subordinating conjunctions :

Subordinating conjunctions are used to link two clauses within a single sentence, when one clause is subordinate to the other.
In other words, the subordinate clause clarifies, expands or explains the meaning of the main clause.
   Some types of subordinate clause are introduced by subordinating conjunctions, others (such as relative clauses) are not. Common subordinating conjunctions include 

·         as , because and since  (cause)

·         so and so that  (purpose)

·         although and though  (contrastive)

·         after, before, until, while, etc.  (temporal)

·         if, unless, as long as, provided, whenever, whatever (conditional, indirect question)

·         that (reported speech, indirect statement, consequential)

USAGE:  

Subordinating conjunctions come at the start of the subordinate clause.
There are two sorts of subordinate clauses.

·         Most subordinate clauses can come either before or after the main clause. So unlike coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions can stand at the start of a sentence.

·         but indirect questions, relative clauses, and other subordinate clauses introduced by that, must normally be placed after the main clause, just like a coordinated clause (Examples 12, 16 and 17)

·         So is a subordinating conjunction when it is used to denote a purpose. A so clause denoting purpose does not usually come before the main clause, but it is not impossible (example 6).

When so is used with the meaning of therefore or and similarly , it is a  conjunctive adverb.

A subordinate clause cannot stand alone: it needs a main clause to complete the sentence.

 Examples:
In these examples, it is not possible to invert the two clauses in sentences written in red

1.                  I 'm going to London because I've got a new job.

2.                  Since it's raining, I'm going to the cinema this afternoon.

3.                  She didn't want any more wine, as she'd already drunk enough.

4.                  As she'd drunk enough, she didn't take any more wine.

5.                  I'm locking the door, so nobody can get in

6.                  So he wouldn't forget to wake up, he set his alarm for 5.30.

7.                  Although I love him, I wouldn't want to marry him.

8.                  This book is good, though some bits of it are rather boring.

9.                  After I finished work, I went straight home.

10.              Until they opened a new factory, they could not produce enough

11.              If you see anything suspicious, let me know at once.

12.              He asked the policeman if he knew of a good restaurant.

13.              Provided you can swim, you can come out on our yacht.

14.              You can come out on our yacht, as long as you can swim.

15.              I won't go there, whatever he says.

16.              This ice-cream is so good, that I'm going to have another one.

17.              The man said that he was born in New York.