TUGAS 4 : Modal Auxiliaries



Modal Auxiliaries

Modal verbs are a kind of auxiliary verb. They facilitate the main verb for suggesting potential, expectation, permission, ability, possibility, and obligation.
When used with the main verb, modal verbs do not end with -s for the third-person singular. Modal auxiliary verbs never change form, but they have a different form for past tense.
The modal auxiliaries include:


Present Tense
Past Tense
Will
Can
Must (have to)
May
Should (ought to) (had better)
Would (used to)
Could
(Had to)
Might
Should (ought to)
NB: The words in parentheses ( ) are semi-modals. They have the same meaning, but they are different grammatically.
Will – Would
Will indicates a ‘willingness’ to do something in the future. The negative form of will – will not (won’t)indicates an ‘unwillingness’ (refusal, reluctance) to do something.
Example:                  
·                     I will give you another opportunity.
·                     I will play tomorrow.
·                     They will arrive at 10 AM.
·                     She won’t come today.

Would indicates general or repeated willingness in the past. It also indicates preference in the present.  
Example:
·                     If you did not leave, I would still be taking care of you.
·                     Whenever I had to go there, they would throw a party.
·                     We thought that people would buy this book.
·                     If I were you, I would not do it.
·                     I would like to make a toast.
Used to sometimes replaces would but sometimes it would be grammatically incorrect if we use used to in place of would.  
Example:
·                     When I was in school, I used to make sketches.
·                     He often used to cry at night without reason.
·                     I used to take a break at this time of the year.

Can – Could – May – Might
These modals express possibility and ability.

Can indicates ability. Could indicates ability with an option.
Example:
·                     I can do it. (The subject ‘I’ is sure about his/her ability)
·                     I could do it. (The subject ‘I’ is not sure about his/her ability)
·                     They cannot do it. (present)
·                     They could not do it. (past)

Can & could also indicate possibility.
Example:
·                     The temperature can rise this month.
·                     They can’t go too far by now.
·                     It could rain later.

May and might both indicate possibility but might can suggest that there is less possibility than may.  
Example:
·                     It may rain later.
·                     It might rain later.
·                     They may come back.
·                     They might come back.

Must
Must indicates necessity.    
Example:
·                     I must leave now.
·                     He must study hard.
·                     Alex must go home by 6.00 pm.

Have to has the similar meaning to must but implies less urgency.  
Example:
·                     I have to leave now.
·                     He has to study hard.
·                     Alex has to go by 6.00 pm.
·                     I had to leave then. (past)
·                     He had to study hard to pass the exam. (past)
                     

Should
Should indicates obligation and probability.
Example:
·                     You should come home early.
·                     You should not smoke at all.
·                     I should visit my parents more often.
·                     There should be an extra key for the lock in the drawer. (probability)
·                     He should have reached by now. (probability)
·                     I should have done that. (obligation in the past)

Ought to and had better sometimes replaces should.
Example:
·                     You ought to come home early.
·                     We ought to have taken a taxi. (Past)
·                     We had better leave. (Had better is generally used in spoken English.)
·                     I think parents ought to give children more freedom. (Had better won’t be appropriate here.

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